英 語 語 法 基 礎 知 識 學 習(賓語)

英 語 語 法 基 礎 知 識 學 習

第一章

英語語句的基本句子成分

通常, 一個英語語句包含多個單詞, 它們或獨自、或同其它一個或幾個單詞構成組合,在英語語句中分別充當相應的句子成分。英語語句中較常見的句子成分包括主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語,此外還有主語補足語、賓語補足語、同位語、插入語以及直接賓語和間接賓語等句子成分。在此, 我們應首先明確的是,語法是為語言服務的,它來自語言、並隨之發展而發展,我們最終要掌握的並不是分辨列數英語語句結構中的各種句子成分及其體現形式,而是通過識別英語語句結構中的各種句子成分及其體現形式去瞭解它們在具體語言場合中的功能和作用,瞭解它們所處的相對位置及其變化、瞭解它們的相互關系,從而不但更正確、而且更理智地去聽英語、說英語、閱讀英語、書面表達英語。

第4節 賓 語

1. 形式 意義 用法

在表達事物時, 一個英語語句中的賓語(1)通常是緊跟在謂語(2)或介詞之後出現(我們可以把在介詞之後出現的賓語認作介詞的賓語<3、5、7>)。在英語語句中可以做賓語的常見詞語有名詞(1)代詞(3、5)數詞(6)名詞化的形容詞(7)動名詞或其短語(8)不定式或其短語(9)以及從句(10)。當從句做賓語、並且其引導詞為that時,該引導詞又可以被省略(11)。比照主語(4)而言, 賓語不是句中所表示的行為的主體、動作的發出者,而是句中所示行為的客體、動作的承受者。

· One shallow4 does not make2 a summer1.

一隻燕子的來臨並不意味夏天已經到來(≈不可一葉障目)。

· If you want to make an enemy9,lend a man money, and ask him for it3.

你如果想要樹敵,先借錢給人,然後再向他討還。

· Only dreamland might allow her5to have a look at him5 once more.

唯夢境可讓她再見他一面。

· None at the play chose 46 and 136.

遊戲者都沒選四和十三。

· The setting-up exercise is good for old and young7.

該健美操老少皆宜。

· A clean hand doesn’t want washing8.

幹凈的手不需要洗。

· Learn to say9 before you sing.

先學說,後學唱。

· Life is half spent, when we know what it is10.

當我們懂得什麼是人生時,人生已經過去瞭一半。

· Someone has said (that)11every little helps.

有人說過,點點滴滴都起作用。

註一: 直接賓語和間接賓語

當我們完整、全面地去分析理解一個含有直接賓語和間接賓語的英語語句時,我們應該註意認清直接賓語和間接賓語是互為存在的。我們可以把一個英語語句中的謂語所示行為概念的直接客體、動作的直接承受者認作該句的直接賓語(1),與此同時,我們把句中謂語所示動作針對的對象、謂語可籍以完成與賓語間動賓關系的媒介詞語或平臺詞語認作間接賓語(2)。我們還應該註意,當間接賓語出現在直接賓語之後時,間接賓語通常要由to(3)、for(4)等介詞引出;而當人稱代詞it(5)做句中的直接賓語、而句中的間接賓語又同樣是人稱代詞時,人稱代詞it則總是要在間接賓語之前出現。

· Spring brings us2 warm weather1and flowers1.

春天給我們帶來暖和的天氣和百花。

· Spring brings warm weather1and flowers1to3 us2.

春天把暖和的天氣和百花帶給我們。

· Her friend ordered her2 a return ticket1 by the internet.

她的朋友在網上給她定購瞭往返票。

· Her friend ordered a return ticket1 for4 her by the internet.

她的朋友在網上給她定購瞭往返票。

· Send it5 to him2, please.

請把它寄給他。

· give it5 to them2, please.

請把它送給他們。

註二: 形式賓語和實際賓語

在表達事物時, 當一個英語語句中的賓語是以動詞不定式或其短語(1)動名詞或其短語(2)、以及從句(3)形式出現時,為優化語流語感,為便於信息傳遞明確連貫、緊密到位,或者是便於規避由於這幾種形式的賓語在整個語句中的信息含量相對大於其它句子成分而產生的信息溝通障礙或歧譯,該動詞不定式或其短語、動名詞或其短語、以及從句形式的賓語通常是出現於其所在英語語句的尾部,而在句子中的、依我們習慣理念所接受的、賓語的常規空間占位則由人稱代詞it

(4)取代。這時,我們把出現於句中謂語之後的it稱為該句子的形式賓語(4),而把位於句子尾部的動詞不定式或其短語、動名詞或其短語、以及從句形式出現的

賓語稱為該句子的實際賓語(1、2、3),並且,在我們讀到、寫到或說到該先行出現的it時,我們可以意想其指代的就是出現於句子的後部、以動詞不定式或其短語、動名詞或其短語、以及從句形式出現的實際賓語所披露的具體語言信息。

·She thinks it4 better to be envied1than (to be) pitied.

她認為被人嫉妒比讓人憐憫好。

·She considered it4 purposive my changing the cellphone

number2?

她以為我更換手機號是有意的。

·The story made it4 clear that a false friend is worse than

an open enemy3.

這個故事表明瞭虛偽的朋友比公開的敵人更壞。

2. 閱讀 理解 應用

A. 標明以下含有賓語的句子中的賓語(以名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞形式出現的賓語用下劃線標註,以動名詞或其短語、不定式或其短語、以及從句形式出現的賓語用小括號劃線標註)

1. Time cures all things.

2. Think twice before doing it.

3. Everything must have a beginning.

4. We may see day at a little hole.

5. We learn to do ill by doing nothing.

6. If you divide 10 by 5, the answer is 2.

7. She suppose you think it unexpected her passing you without giving a

greeting.

8. I made it clear to her that I was much displeased.

9. I think it a pity that you didn’t try harder.

10. You never know what you can do till you try.

11. It is known to us all that we can’t eat our cake and have it.

12. These few boy-students took it coolly that they had passed Graduate

Record Examination.

13. You don’t need to trouble troubles util troubles trouble you.

B. 把以下各句譯成中文

1. Time cures all things.

2. Think twice before doing it.

3. Everything must have a beginning.

4. We may see day at a little hole.

5. We learn to do ill by doing nothing.

6. If you divide 10 by 5, the answer is 2.

7. She suppose you think it unexpected her passing you without giving a

greeting.

8. I made it clear to her that I was much displeased.

9. I think it a pity that you didn’t try harder.

10. You never know what you can do till you try.

11. It is known to us all that we can’t eat our cake and have it.

12. These few boy-students took it coolly that they had passed Graduate

Record Examination.

13. You don’t need to trouble troubles util troubles trouble you.

3. 答案(第一章 第1-9節)

第四節 賓 語

A. 標明以下含有賓語的句子中的賓語(以名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞形式出現的賓語用下劃線標註,以動名詞或其短語、不定式或其短語形式出現的賓語用小括號劃線標註, 以從句形式出現的賓語用中括號標註)

1. Time cures all things.

2. Think twice before(doing it).

3. Everything must have a beginning.

4. We may see day at a little hole.

5. We learn(to do ill )by(doing nothing).

6. If you divide 10 by 5, the answer is 2.

7. She suppose [you think it unexpected her passing you

without(giving a greeting)].

8. I made it clear to her(that I was much displeased).

9. I think it a pity(that you didn’t try harder).

10. You never know [what you can do] till you try.

11. It is known to us all that we can’t eat our cake and have it.

12. These few boy-students took it coolly [that they had passed Graduate

Record Examination].

13. You don’t need (to trouble troubles)util troubles trouble you.

B. 把以下各句譯成中文

1. Time cures all things.

時間醫百事。

2. Think twice before doing it.

做事之前想兩遍(三思後行)。

3. Everything must have a beginning.

凡事都有個開頭。

4. We may see day at a little hole.

我們可籍一孔看到白天(≈ 一葉知秋)。

5. We learn to do ill by doing nothing.

無所事事使我們學做壞事(閑逸使人為惡)。

6. If you divide 10 by 5, the answer is 2.

如果你用5除10,答案是2(10除以5等於2)。

7. She suppose you think it unexpected her passing you without giving a

greeting.

她以為她看到你後沒打招呼你會覺得很意外。

8. I made it clear to her that I was much displeased.

我已對她表明瞭,我很不爽。

9. I think it a pity that you didn’t try harder.

我認為你未曾更加努力嘗試是一憾事。

10. You never know what you can do till you try.

你永遠不會知道你能做什麼,直到你嘗試瞭(嘗試之後,你才會知道你能做什麼)。

11. It is known to us all that we can’t eat our cake and have it.

你不可能把蛋糕吃瞭還擁有它,這一點是我們都知道的(眾所周知,……。)。

12. These few boy-students took it coolly that they had passed Graduate

Record Examination.

這幾個男生對通過GRE考試淡然自若。

13. You don’t need to trouble troubles util troubles trouble you.

麻煩沒找你,不要惹麻煩(≈不要杞人憂天)。

有學有習 第5節 補足語 歡迎繼續

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